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The tumor that is typically benign, encapsulated, and arises from tissue covering the central nervous system structures is a meningioma. Meningiomas originate from the meninges, which are the protective layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord. They are commonly found adjacent to the brain or spinal cord and, due to their encapsulated nature, they can often be surgically removed with relative ease.

Meningiomas are generally slow-growing and can be asymptomatic for long periods, which contributes to their classification as benign tumors. Though they can cause symptoms based on their size and location, they are less aggressive compared to other types of tumors in the central nervous system.

In contrast, adenomas arise from glandular tissue and can be benign or malignant, depending on their nature. Gliomas, originating from glial cells, are typically infiltrative and can range from benign to highly malignant, so they do not fit the description provided. Neuroblastoma is a malignant tumor primarily affecting children, often arising from neural tissue, and does not involve the meninges. Thus, the meningioma stands out as the correct answer based on its characteristics.